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Zusammenfassung von How Emotions Are Made

Name: How Emotions Are Made
Rating: 4.1 (362 reviews)
Author: Lisa Feldman Barrett

Lisa Feldman Barrett

The Secret Life of the Brain

4.1 (362 Bewertungen)

17 Min.

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The Brain

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How Emotions Are Made
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What’s in it for me? Learn how the brain and culture construct emotions.

We’re encouraged to think of our emotions as almost elemental forces that emerge from us fully formed. Think of the 2015 Pixar film, Inside Out, which featured a little girl’s emotions as cartoon characters like Fear – a cringing purple nerd – and Joy – a sunshine-colored exuberant woman, both of whom lived in her head and influenced what she did. Most of us think about our feelings this way; as distinct and sometimes overwhelming sentiments to be encouraged or mastered.

But we’re wrong. Emotions are constructed by us, by our brains and by culture – a reality that’s far more nuanced and complex than our standard depictions of them. These blinks will guide you through the true story of our emotions.

In these blinks, you’ll learn

about the classical, prevalent, and most probably false view of emotions;
why tech companies’ investment in emotion-recognition systems is pointless; and
how Tahitian culture describes “sadness.”

The prevailing, classical view of emotions envisages them as hardwired into our brains.

How hard is it to control your emotions? The consensus is that you may try to, but you simply can’t.

The notion of emotions as reflexes – sometimes artifacts of evolution existing in a realm beyond the rational – has been around for millennia. It’s called the classical view, and it’s been espoused by everyone from Aristotle, Buddha, Darwin, Descartes and Freud, right through to modern-day thinkers such as Steven Pinker, Paul Ekman, and the Dalai Lama.

This passive take on emotions is taught in psychology textbooks, and it’s reflected in the way the media discuss them. The classical view also sees emotions as universal. It’s assumed that emotions are hardwired and are automatically triggered in distinct regions of the brain.

It’s thought that there’s a set of emotions that can be found across all humanity, and that each of these has an underlying property or “essence.” This concept is called essentialism. It assumes that each one of us is not only equally emotionally expressive but also capable of automatically recognizing the same emotions in others.

It’s as if the brain were pre-wired with neurons for specific emotions. Once neurons are triggered, they produce physical responses. These characteristics are known as fingerprints, and it’s through these that emotions are identified.

Imagine you have an annoying colleague. He will trigger “anger neurons,” which will consequently cause your blood to boil and your mouth to form a scowl.

Or maybe a friend dies. In this case “sadness neurons” send off signals which might start you crying.

Scientific evidence doesn’t support the classical view of emotion and money is being wasted researching it.

Think about it: Do you always make a “sad” face when you’re upset? Or an “angry” face when you’re raging? Of course not. Each emotion can be expressed in many different ways.

These varied responses to emotional stimuli undermine the classical view of emotion.

Emotions are created spontaneously and concurrently and are based on individual experiences.

It might seem counterintuitive to imagine emotions as responses that are not natural, innate, or involuntarily triggered, but that’s what the author advocates. She has no truck with the classical view and much prefers what’s been called the theory of constructed emotion.

This theory states that emotions are created spontaneously and concurrently in several areas in the brain.

We have a predictive system for all the body’s goings-on, including our emotions.

You know how it is when you're driving a car. If you’ve driven a lot, your brain will make your body shift gears and engage the clutch without much thought.

But what is it that allows you to act with such muscle memory?

Our interoception system regulates our body budget, determining how our bodies’ resources are spent.

Several parts of the brain operate in tandem to implement interoception. The author calls these areas the interoceptive network, and it contains two specific components.

Firstly, there's the body-budgeting region. This uses past experiences to gauge what the body requires, and then sends pre-emptive instructions through the body to control its internal environment. It might, for instance, tell your heart and respiratory system to speed up or issue instructions to metabolize more glucose because you’re about to break your jogging record.

Emotion concepts are culturally constructed beliefs about emotions.

How would you describe sadness? Curiously, in Tahitian there’s no way to describe this emotion. Instead, Tahitians use a word meaning something like “the kind of fatigue associated with the flu.”

What does this indicate? It shows that our reality is organized by the concepts we use for understanding our environment. In turn, these concepts depend on culture.

We learn culturally laden emotion concepts from birth, but we have the power to learn more.

Sad, happy, angry, disappointed, depressed: these aren’t universal emotions. They are, the author claims, concepts that we start learning from the moment we’re born, from our parents and from society.

That’s not to say babies don’t have feelings – those are tied to the concept of affects, as we’ve already seen.

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Worum geht es in How Emotions Are Made?

How Emotions Are Made (2017) challenges everything you think you know about emotions. From learning how our brain registers anger, fear and joy to how we think about these emotions culturally, you’ll come away with a new understanding of the ways in which emotions are created and how their scope is determined by society at large.

Wer How Emotions Are Made lesen sollte

People interested in psychology and neuroscience
Those who want to better understand and control their emotions
Students of cultural studies and languages

Über den Autor

Lisa Feldman Barrett is University Distinguished Professor of Psychology at Northeastern University. She had also holds appointments at Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital. Barrett received the National Institutes of Health Director’s Pioneer Award for her research on emotions in the brain and has published over 200 peer-reviewed, scientific papers that have appeared in Science, Nature, Neuroscience and other top psychology and cognitive neuroscience journals.

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