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Zusammenfassung von The Checklist Manifesto

Name: The Checklist Manifesto
Rating: 4.1 (283 reviews)
Author: Atul Gawande

Atul Gawande

How to Get Things Right

4.1 (283 Bewertungen)

16 Min.

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The Checklist Manifesto
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Progress in human understanding has become increasingly complex and overwhelming.

Imagine being treated for a heart attack in the 1950s. Medical knowledge of what caused heart problems was so sparse back then that you’d simply be prescribed pain relief and bed rest. Oh, and if you wanted to puff on those cigarettes during your recovery, that was fine too.

Fortunately, human knowledge has greatly expanded since then. As little as 60 years ago, doctors were fairly clueless about treating heart attacks, whereas today we have numerous methods of doing so, including blood pressure medications, cardiac catheters and even open-heart surgery. We also have a whole host of ways to prevent heart problems in the first place, from cholesterol-lowering drugs to increased exercise.

However, in complex areas like medicine, our broad knowledge base has become a double-edged sword. According to the World Health Organization, we have now defined over 13,000 syndromes, diseases and injuries. Add to that the thousands of drugs and procedures available to treat patients and we see that no one doctor or medical team can possibly master all the medical knowledge we have accumulated.

This leaves us with a problem of ineptitude. That is, we are struggling to consistently remember, organize and apply the right knowledge in the right way. Surgeons and nurses alike are under immense pressure to master the latest medical technology, deal with multiple patients at once, and carry out the vast number of steps needed to perform complicated medical procedures with precision. As they are doing this, they must simultaneously cope with the unexpected reactions and outcomes that occur when dealing with sick people.

Clearly a new kind of tool is needed if we are to make use of our vast medical knowledge and avoid potentially fatal human errors.

Progress in human understanding has become increasingly complex and overwhelming.

Checklists help prevent serious but easily avoidable mistakes.

An operating theater team in San Francisco met with dire circumstances when treating a man for what they thought was a shallow stab wound. It was only after a surgeon’s incision, when the patient started spilling out copious amounts of blood, that they noticed the wound measured a foot long. It was, in fact, a bayonet injury the man had received at a Halloween costume party. Unfortunately, before the surgery, none of the medical staff had remembered to ask what kind of weapon was used.

The man survived the injury; however, mistakes and misinformation in medicine happen with scary regularity and can result in serious complications or deaths. In the United States, over fifty million surgeries are performed per year, and more than 150,000 of these patients die after their surgery. According to studies, around half of these complications and deaths are avoidable.

Checklists should be as short as possible, include all essential steps and leave no room for misunderstandings.

It’s easy to scoff at checklists, particularly as many of us think of them as scrawled reminders or glorified to-do lists. However, when they contain all essential items, and are concise and usable, checklists become powerful tools.

One essential aspect of a checklist is that it contains the “killer items” of the procedure. These are the steps that are easily disregarded but, if not completed, could be disastrous. For example, this could be a reminder to identify a patient’s allergies before surgery.

Today’s complex tasks can no longer be left to a lone hero’s expertise; we need teams.

We often hope for a hero to stride into a fearsome situation and, using a lifetime of skill and experience, solve all the problems in one fell swoop. The idea that one person’s expertise is enough to solve our problems is certainly alluring. But it is also inaccurate.

In complex and dangerous situations, it is the team that really counts.

Team communication is vital in complex situations and can be greatly enhanced by a checklist.

Imagine a flight crew landing a plane. Now think how disastrous it would be in this complicated, intense situation if they could not communicate with each other: the captain would not know if it was clear to land, the copilot would not know when or if they should take the controls, and flight attendants would have no clue when to conduct safety checks.

Teams working on complex tasks need seamless communication. In the above example, the flight crew could have a checklist to follow, but unless they communicate clearly, that checklist is useless.

Medical checklists have already saved many lives.

It’s hard to imagine that a simple checklist could make a significant impact on the world. Yet medical programs studying the use of checklists have shown that they have prevented mistakes, saved money and – most importantly – saved lives.

One study carried out by critical care specialist Peter Pronovost, called the Keystone Initiative, aimed to reduce the number of infections from central line catheters inserted into the veins of intensive care patients. Central lines are easily and frequently infected (for example, by being touched with unsterilized hands), causing potentially lethal complications for patients. Pronovost employed a checklist to see if it would reduce infections. It was a success; the initiative ended up saving $175 million and 1,500 lives over 18 months.

Checklists can be effective in diverse settings.

Many of us work in complex or high-pressure environments that, like the field of medicine, demand care and precision, such as in finance or the restaurant industry. The good news is that, in such intense environments, checklists really make a difference in helping us work more effectively.

Take, for instance, chef Jody Adams at Rialto Restaurant in Boston. The checklists Jody uses are what most would call recipes. Yet recipes and checklists share the same function: they tell us what needs to be done and when. In addition to having her recipes on display at her kitchen workstations, the restaurant staff also make checklists to ensure the special requirements of individual customers are met. Once the dishes are ready to be served, they receive a final check by the sous chef or Jody herself to make sure they meet Jody’s standards. This checklist system enables Rialto to deliver consistently exquisite dishes to customers, and it is no surprise that Jody has won awards for her expertise or that the restaurant often makes “best-restaurant” lists.

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Worum geht es in The Checklist Manifesto?

Drawing from his experience as a general surgeon, Atul Gawande’s The Checklist Manifesto (2009) reveals startling evidence on how using a simple checklist can significantly reduce human error in complex professions such as aviation, engineering and medicine.

Bestes Zitat aus The Checklist Manifesto

Under conditions of complexity, not only are checklists a help, they are required for success.

—Atul Gawande

Wer The Checklist Manifesto lesen sollte

Anyone who is looking for a simple, effective method for doing things correctly
Anyone who works in complex or high-pressure environments
Surgeons and medical professionals

Über den Autor

Atul Gawande is a general surgeon at Brigham and Women’s Hospital in Boston, Massachusetts, and a professor of surgery at Harvard Medical School. As well as writing for the New York Times, he is also author of Better and Complications, the latter of which was a National Book Award finalist. In 2010, Gawande was named one of the world’s 100 most influential thinkers by TIME magazine.

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