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Zusammenfassung von Theories of Childhood

Name: Theories of Childhood
Rating: 4.4 (217 reviews)
Author: Carol Garhart Mooney

Carol Garhart Mooney

An Introduction to Dewey, Montessori, Erikson, Piaget & Vygotsky

4.4 (217 Bewertungen)

19 Min.

Kurz zusammengefasst

Theories of Childhood by Carol Garhart Mooney is a thought-provoking book that explores the different perspectives and theories about early childhood education. It challenges conventional ideas and encourages a deeper understanding of how children learn and develop.

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What’s in it for me? Look at the impact five pioneers have had on child development.

Let’s face it: children don’t live in a bubble. They see things, hear things, and absorb information around them at a staggering rate – and that includes both the good and the bad. For this reason, it’s crucial to acknowledge the ways in which children's growth and development are significantly influenced by societal factors in the world around them, whether we like it or not.

For example, as increasing crime rates in the United States contribute to an overall environment of fear and insecurity, these feelings in turn directly affect American children's development. Another pervasive influence is media, particularly violent content, which studies suggest contributes to real-world violence.

These influences can come from within the home as well. Many community organizations and schools are failing to adapt to the modern transformation of family and community life, like the rise of dual-career or single-parent families. Work hours have increased while free time has dwindled, leading to less time spent with family and friends, which can further increase stress for children.

Amid these societal shifts, children’s negative behavior and struggles are often unfairly blamed on parents, when the reality is far more complex.

It’s here where a fundamental understanding of child development theory becomes crucial, because the nostalgia for traditional family forms alone isn't productive for addressing modern challenges. The problem lies instead in translating theoretical knowledge into practical use. The aim should be to make theory practical and relatable, helping everyone see its value in making their jobs easier. For instance, knowing that just holding babies during feeding aids in their development of trust is much more important than knowing Erik Erikson is the theorist who introduced this concept.

To be effective, education must acknowledge and adapt to societal changes. It must underline the significance of understanding, and effectively applying, child development theories in the classroom. In an effort to do just that, this Blink will take a look at five fascinating theorists in the field of child development, and cover their unique contributions to this dynamic area of research. So let’s dive in.

Child-centered education, with John Dewey

Born in 1859 in Vermont, John Dewey is one of the most influential figures in American education. He earned a PhD from Johns Hopkins University, then joined the University of Michigan as a philosophy professor. His wife, Alice Chipman, had a strong interest in education's connection with social issues, which led Dewey to explore educational studies.

In 1894, the couple moved to the University of Chicago, where Dewey blended philosophy, psychology, and educational theory in his teaching. He established the Laboratory School within two years, placing the university at the forefront of progressive education – a child-centered, democratic approach that differed vastly from the rigid, traditional style of education prevalent during the nineteenth century. Despite facing criticism at the time, Dewey's approach led to extensive educational research and theory that are still relevant today.

In 1899, Dewey addressed parents worried about the changing times and their impact on children's education. He emphasized that change brings new challenges but also opportunities, urging parents to find innovative ways to instill social responsibility in their children without clinging to the past.

Today, Dewey's theories still resonate strongly with our current educational conundrums. His writings provide significant insights into how to introduce children to subject matter, the feasibility of multi-age classrooms, curriculum planning, supporting classroom teachers, and teaching thinking skills. His teachings align with those of other early theorists like Maria Montessori and Jean Piaget, who advocated learning by doing and encouraged experimentation and independent thinking.

Key to Dewey's pedagogical approach were his beliefs that education should be child-centered, active, and interactive. Education should involve the child's social world, too. Dewey proposed that curriculum should evolve from real-life situations, and that the interests and background of each child should be the basis for planning learning experiences. He viewed education as a part of life, not merely a preparation for the future. He argued for a gradual progression from home life to school life, with the school deepening and extending the values of the home.

These ideas formed the crux of his influential book My Pedagogic Creed, published in 1897. He argued that teachers are more than subject-matter instructors; they help shape society and form proper social life. Dewey emphasized the importance of teachers' confidence in their skills and abilities, which in turn helps to nurture inquiry and learning dispositions in children.

Maria Montessori and child-centered environments

Born in Italy in 1870, Maria Montessori was a visionary educator and the first woman in Italy to graduate from medical school. Despite facing traditional societal expectations and challenges in the predominantly male medical profession, Montessori followed her passion for understanding human development and excelled in the field. Her pioneering work was sparked by her early experiences in insane asylums, where she discovered that children diagnosed as unteachable responded positively to her unique, observation-based approach.

This keen sense of observation and innovation led Montessori to establish the first Casa dei Bambini, or Children’s House, in 1907, in the slums of Rome. Here, she created a nurturing, stimulating environment for children, most of whom came from impoverished homes. From providing furniture scaled for children to developing specific educational materials, Montessori crafted a learning atmosphere that celebrated the needs and potential of each child.

The importance of trust, with Erik Erikson

Born in Germany in 1902, Erikson's journey to becoming a renowned psychologist began in the company of Anna Freud, daughter of the renowned Sigmund Freud, and then took him to Harvard Medical School, and later to Yale University. Throughout his career, Erikson pursued the mystery of how culture, society, and individual stages of development play a role in shaping our lives, from infancy to old age.

Erikson's significant contribution is his theory of psychosocial development, lovingly referred to as the Eight Ages of Man. This theory posits that each stage of human life comes with a task that needs to be accomplished. Successfully navigating each stage influences how we handle the next, shaping our personality strengths or weaknesses. Erikson was the one to coin the term identity crisis, which he saw as an unavoidable part of youth's transition to adulthood.

Jean Piaget and the importance of play

Jean Piaget, a renowned Swiss-born scientist known for his work in the field of educational psychology, spent his career focused on how children acquire knowledge, rather than simply what or when they learn. Despite starting his academic career in biology, Piaget's curiosity led him to psychology, where he observed children's thinking processes and developed influential theories on cognitive development.

Piaget's key contribution lies in his belief that children are not passive recipients of knowledge, but active builders of their own understanding through interactions with their environment. He advocated that learning occurs best when children engage in direct experiences, rather than receiving explanations from adults.

Lev Vygotsky and scaffolding

Lev Vygotsky was a Russian scholar who took an unconventional route into the world of education and psychology. Born to a middle-class family in 1896, Vygotsky first pursued literature, teaching it at the secondary-school level after graduating from the University of Moscow. But his fascination with how people learn, and especially the relationship between cognitive and language development, lured him into psychology and educational theory. He engaged deeply with the works of luminaries like Sigmund Freud, Jean Piaget, and Maria Montessori, spurring him to explore children's learning processes in his own way.

One of Vygotsky's key discoveries was that children at the same developmental level could learn differently. Some, he found, were able to learn with minimal help, while others struggled on their own. Sadly, his life and promising career were cut short by tuberculosis in 1934, when he was just 38. Despite the overshadowing influence of Piaget's theories, Vygotsky's ideas have resurfaced recently, inspiring educational approaches in the esteemed preschools of Reggio Emilia, Italy.

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Worum geht es in Theories of Childhood?

Theories of Childhood (2000) is a foundational text for early childhood educators that explores the lives and work of five influential thinkers who have shaped modern education over the past century.

Wer Theories of Childhood lesen sollte

Anyone curious about the minds and theories behind modern education
Classroom teachers seeking more information about child development
Parents or guardians seeking insight into age-appropriate challenges to help their children thrive at learning

Über den Autor

Carol Garhart Mooney is an educator and author on childhood development with decades of classroom experience. Her books include Theories of Attachment, Use Your Words, and Swinging Pendulums.

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