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Zusammenfassung von Ungifted: Intelligence Redefined

Name: Ungifted: Intelligence Redefined
Rating: 4.2 (100 reviews)
Author: Scott Barry Kaufman

Scott Barry Kaufman

The Truth About Talent, Practice, Creativity and the Many Paths to Greatness

4.2 (100 Bewertungen)

14 Min.

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Ungifted: Intelligence Redefined
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What’s in it for me? Challenge your beliefs on intelligence and giftedness.

We all like to believe that we are good thinkers. Now imagine that experts told you that you were not intelligent at all. What a nightmare! Would you believe them?

Would you bury your dream of writing that novel once and for all, convinced that someone with a below-average IQ could never write anything worthwhile?

While this might just be a hypothetical (though stressful) thought experiment for you, it happens to thousands of children every day.

But is it really true that those children will never succeed? That’s one of the many questions these blinks answer. You’ll also learn about the beginnings of intelligence testing, find out what distinguishes an average from a masterful violinist and encounter a radically new way of thinking about intelligence.

Additionally you’ll learn

about two Nobel Prize winners who weren’t considered gifted;
why telling your child she’s bright can actually make her shy away from challenging tasks; and
what a Dream Director does.

A child’s development is determined by her genetics and environment.

People used to think genes were the sole determinants of a person’s intelligence and character. This view has changed quite a bit, but genetics still have an impact on human psychology.

Genes do affect certain personality traits but they only account for a small percentage of what makes us “us.” IQ is a good example of this. One recent study of IQ assessed 500,000 genetic markers in over 3,500 participants. The researchers found that the genetic markers accounted for between 40 and 50 percent of the differences in the participants’ IQ scores, but any single gene could only account for a tiny percentage of IQ variance.

And this isn’t only true of IQ. Many human traits are polygenic, meaning that several genes interact with each other to produce them.

So genes are important, but a child’s developmental environment plays a big role as well. Imagine two children entering the same year at school. One of them can already read well whereas the other struggles with reading. What will happen at school? Will the difference between them even out?

No, it won’t. The child who has a head start will probably keep reading and learning, getting even further ahead of the other as time goes on. She'll acquire a bigger vocabulary and be more likely to pick friends who are also advanced readers.

The other child will face the opposite problem. She’ll probably feel discouraged and may even turn away from reading: if books are more of a struggle, they’ll be less rewarding. The child’s vocabulary will grow more slowly as well. By the end of the year, the two children will probably be even further apart in reading skill than they were when they started.

IQ tests are widely used to measure intelligence, but they’re not ideal for the task.

The first modern IQ test was developed by Alfred Binet around 1900 and was quickly adopted as a standard measure of intelligence. It’s changed over the years but still rests on the same logic today.

Shortly after the IQ test was developed, school authorities in France started using it to root out intellectually disabled students so they wouldn’t slow down other students. Binet himself opposed this. He intended his test to be a qualitative, not a quantitative measure, and was against using summary IQ scores.

Focused practice and having a growth mind-set help you to succeed.

It takes practice to learn a skill. To excel, you need deliberate practice: structured practice in which you work hard to improve on your weaker areas. Mentors and teachers are particularly helpful here.

A study conducted in the Music Academy of West Berlin is often cited in discussions about practice. Researchers there found that most violinists practiced for 50 to 60 hours per week, regardless of how established they were.

IQ can’t predict one very important aspect of giftedness: creativity.

Creativity is elusive. We can’t really explain what it is or how it arises but we know it’s very powerful.

Creativity is about developing new and useful ideas. It’s an essential part of problem-solving.

The Theory of Personal Intelligence is a more holistic approach to assessing human intelligence.

Our tools for measuring intelligence didn’t change much over the years – until recently.

Kaufman has developed a new theory of intelligence that’s more holistic than traditional approaches. Traditionally, theories of intelligence haven’t considered traits like passion or willpower to be connected to intelligence. They’ve just compared the ways in which people solve the same abstract problems – without considering how those people might face real-life obstacles or pursue personally meaningful goals.

Education should be reformed to match the new understanding of intelligence.

Most children around the world would agree that standard schooling methods need to change.

Education is supposed to be beneficial and meaningful for the students. We saw earlier that people strive to develop their skills when they’re invested in a goal they find meaningful. So if education is to help the students make the most of their potential, it needs to cater to them and their interests.

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Worum geht es in Ungifted: Intelligence Redefined?

Ungifted: Intelligence Redefined (2013) is about finding a new, more holistic approach to assessing human intelligence, rather than focusing solely on IQ. Scott Kaufman outlines the flaws in IQ tests and offers a more effective theory of what makes us smart.

Bestes Zitat aus Ungifted: Intelligence Redefined

I wouldnt cross a busy intersection if I had only a 65 to 70 percent probability of making it to the other side. – Alan Kaufman

—Scott Barry Kaufman

Wer Ungifted: Intelligence Redefined lesen sollte

Psychology and education students
Parents and teachers
Anyone who’s ever been labelled “challenged” or “gifted”

Über den Autor

Scott Barry Kaufman was diagnosed with a learning disability as a child but went on to study at Carnegie Mellon, Yale and Cambridge. He cofounded The Creativity Post, contributes to Scientific American and serves as director of the Imagination Institute at the Positive Psychology Center at the University of Pennsylvania.

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