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Zusammenfassung von Happy Accidents

Name: Happy Accidents
Rating: 4.4 (97 reviews)
Author: Morton A. Meyers

Morton A. Meyers

Serendipity in Major Medical Breakthroughs in the Twentieth Century

4.4 (97 Bewertungen)

22 Min.

Kurz zusammengefasst

Happy Accidents by Morton A. Meyers is a memoir that discusses the importance of embracing serendipity, taking advantage of unexpected opportunities, and finding one's passion through a non-linear journey.

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What’s in it for me? Discover the true stories behind medicine’s luckiest discoveries.

When we picture the process of scientific discovery, we tend to think of brilliant men and women in lab coats, diligently and systematically researching a complex problem until one day — Eureka! — their hard work pays off and they finally discover an ingenious solution.

But just like the rest of real life, scientific discovery is much more messy than the idealized version of it that lives in our heads — the one that’s not only promoted by the media, but also by many scientists themselves. It turns out that, more often than not, the great discoveries that spearheaded major scientific revolutions happened accidentally.

These blinks tell of the dramatic, comical, and at times totally improbable circumstances that led to some of the greatest medical discoveries of the last century, and considers how we could change our current system of medical research to foster more such discoveries.

In these blinks, you’ll find out

how a moldy petri dish laid the groundwork for treating bacterial infections;
how a tragic incident during WWII launched the war on cancer; and
how a tuberculosis drug became the first antidepressant.

Many great medical discoveries are the result of serendipity.

Wilhelm Röntgen didn’t mean to discover X-rays when he was experimenting with cathode ray tubes in 1885. It was only when he noticed a strange and unexpected fluorescent glow in his darkened laboratory that he decided to investigate further — and discovered the electromagnetic rays that led to the invention of one of the most important diagnostic tools in modern medicine.

Röntgen’s experience wasn’t so unusual — throughout medical history, accidental discoveries have led to major breakthroughs in the way we understand and treat illness.

In pharmacology especially, it’s not uncommon for researchers to spend years trying to develop a drug for a specific ailment, only to stumble across a substance that does something entirely different.

In 1947, for instance, two allergists at Johns Hopkins Hospital gave a new antihistamine to a young woman to treat a rash of hives she’d developed. When she came back for reexamination several weeks later, she was pleased to report that not only had the rash disappeared, the car sickness she had suffered from all her life had gone as well.

After larger clinical trials to confirm this side effect, the drug previously conceived as an antihistamine came to market as Dramamine, a treatment against motion sickness that’s now a household name.

Similar stories have resulted in the development of drugs as varied as Prozac, Viagra, and Aspirin, to name just a few, and if any one cause can be attributed to all these discoveries, it’s serendipity – a phenomenon that occurs when a person searching for something ends up finding something else of even greater value.

So why is no one talking about the role of serendipity in medical research?

Scientists themselves often understate the importance of chance, error, and luck in medical research. Writing papers, they sometimes even change their hypotheses in hindsight to match the unexpected outcomes, making it seem as if they knew what they were doing all along. Only after collecting their awards and prizes do many of them admit to the serendipitous nature of their breakthroughs.

This is unfortunate, because it paints a false picture of scientific research to medical students, fellow professionals, and the public. Luck is nothing to be ashamed of. After all, in order to turn an unexpected discovery into a useful new medical insight, it still takes a creative mind imbued with reason, intuition, and imagination to seize upon it.

The first chemical drugs were inadvertently manufactured by the European dye industry.

The first person to observe the millions of tiny organisms that rule our world — the germs, bacteria and protozoa — was Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, a businessman and self-taught Dutch scientist in the late 1700s, who had made a hobby of building microscopes. Leeuwenhoek set out to find out what makes pepper hot. He assumed that peppercorns had tiny sharp spikes on their surfaces, and instead discovered thousands of "miniscule animals."

While Leeuwenhoek played an invaluable role in discovering and classifying the first bacteria, he didn't grasp their significance for human health. In the late nineteenth century, Frenchman Louis Pasteur confirmed that such microorganisms were the cause of many common diseases. He and German scientist Robert Koch transformed bacteriology into a respectable medical discipline. Koch, for his part, discovered the bacteria that cause typhoid, gonorrhea, pneumonia, and many other diseases.

The first antibiotic was discovered due to an improbable series of chance events.

In 1928, a shy Scottish bacteriologist by the name of Alexander Fleming made a discovery that would change medicine forever.

At that time, Fleming was working with cultures of Staphylococcus aureus collected from boils, abscesses, and other nasty infections. Often reprimanded by his colleagues for being messy, Fleming had a habit of letting used petri dishes pile up on his work desk. One day, when he returned to his London lab after a few days away, he found that one of them had been contaminated by a mold.

A tragic shipping accident during WWII launched the war on cancer.

On December 2, 1943, at the height of WWII, the German Luftwaffe conducted a fateful air raid on the allied ships stationed at the harbor in Bari, Italy.

The raid itself lasted only 20 minutes, but as each ship’s explosion ignited the others – hundreds of men died in the fire. Others, trying to escape, threw themselves into the Adriatic sea.

A series of medical mishaps paved the way for modern heart surgery.

For a long time, doctors considered the human heart and its main arteries inviolable by surgery. Ever since the nineteenth century, when German scientists Albert von Kölliker and Heinrich Müller accidentally discovered how the heart muscle uses electrical activity to pump blood, medicine had continued to gain great insight into the workings of the heart. But as late as the 1950s, doctors still considered it too dangerous to directly interfere with this delicate, vital instrument or its direct blood supply.

This was unfortunate, because in the early twentieth century, it became increasingly clear that heart disease was one of America’s number one killers. Even today, as many as 17 percent of the adult US population have some form of heart condition.

Most mood-altering drugs used in psychiatry began their career as a different kind of drug with unexpected side effects.

Perhaps no other medical field has so obviously benefitted from inadvertent side effects of wholly unrelated drugs as psychopharmacology — the science of chemicals meant to alter our mood and behavior.

Thorazine, for example, a drug that dramatically reduces symptoms of schizophrenia, was discovered in the 1950s, as part of a hunt for antihistamines. Two other major discoveries in psychopharmacology, Lithium and antidepressants, were chanced upon in similar serendipitous fashion.

It took the outside perspective of a medical rookie to discover the bacterial cause of stomach ulcers.

Stomach ulcers are a nasty yet surprisingly common condition that currently affects about five million Americans. An ulcer is essentially an open sore in the stomach lining that can cause chronic gastritis, inflammation, and pain.

For a long time, ulcers were believed to be caused by an overproduction of stomach acid due to stress, tobacco consumption, or diet. Infamous therapies such as the “Sippy diet” advised people to consume nothing but eggs, milk, and cream in a vain attempt to lower their levels of stomach acid.

In order to foster serendipitous discoveries, we need to transform the current system of medical research.

As the previous blinks have illustrated, many essential medical discoveries in the past century happened by accident. Pursuing one path or following a completely wrong hypothesis, scientists came across other, unexpected findings, and turned those surprises into invaluable medical knowledge.

In the past 20 years, there’s been a marked decline in such serendipitous discoveries. The reason for this is that the landscape of medical research has transformed dramatically.

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Worum geht es in Happy Accidents?

Happy Accidents (2011) explores the invaluable role that false assumptions, unlikely circumstances, and sheer dumb luck have played in some of medicine’s biggest discoveries. From antibiotics to antidepressants, heart surgery to chemotherapy, some of today’s most important drugs and treatments are the result of serendipity — stumbling across one thing while looking for another. Radiologist Morton A. Meyers reveals some of the incredible true stories of medicine’s luckiest findings.

Bestes Zitat aus Happy Accidents

Chance favors the prepared mind.

—Morton A. Meyers

Wer Happy Accidents lesen sollte

Science nerds interested in medicine and pharmacology
History buffs interested in how great minds make big discoveries
Readers who enjoy stories with a good plot twist

Über den Autor

Morton A. Meyers is a Professor of Radiology and Medicine, and emeritus Chair of the Department of Radiology at the State University of New York. His own serendipitous discovery of how contrast fluid flows in the abdominal cavity during X-ray imaging provided a crucial new insight into the way cancer metastasizes in the body.

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