Deep Medicine Buchzusammenfassung - das Wichtigste aus Deep Medicine

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Zusammenfassung von Deep Medicine

Name: Deep Medicine
Rating: 4.4 (103 reviews)
Author: Eric Topol

Eric Topol

How Artificial Intelligence Can Make Healthcare Human Again

4.4 (103 Bewertungen)

24 Min.

Kurz zusammengefasst

Deep Medicine by Eric Topol is a thought-provoking read on the future of medicine. It explores the potential of AI and deep learning to revolutionize healthcare while addressing ethical concerns. The book challenges readers to rethink their perception of healthcare and technology.

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Künstliche Intelligenz Medizin & Naturheilmittel

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Deep Medicine
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What’s in it for me? A realistic look at how artificial intelligence will change medicine and health care.

Today, we find ourselves on the brink of a technological revolution. In the coming years, artificial intelligence is bound to impact almost every industry and endeavor, forever changing the way we live and work. And the field of medicine is no exception.

Does that mean we’re heading toward a world where, if we get sick, we’re seen by robotic doctors and nurses? Well, no, not exactly. We may eventually be able to cede total control to other types of AI – say, driverless cars – but medicine will always require some form of human oversight.

The best possible future for medicine is one in which humans and algorithms are each able to use their unique strengths and work together to improve patient care and health systems. One day, AI may be able to make accurate and complete medical assessments. But we’ll need humans to apply those assessments and establish the deep, trusting bonds with patients that are so often missing today.

In these blinks, you’ll learn

how machine learning saved a newborn’s life;
how AI can predict depression using your smartphone; and
how we could have hospitals with doctors but no patients.

Health care requires a shift from shallow medicine to deep medicine.

Robert was a fairly healthy 56-year-old. But one afternoon, he experienced what doctors call a “ministroke” – his face went numb, and he began having trouble seeing. His doctor told him to continue taking an aspirin every day, as he had been before. Unsatisfied with this prescription, Robert went to see a neurologist, who then referred him to a cardiologist. That’s when he found out that he had a patent foramen ovale, or PFO, a tiny hole in the wall separating two of his heart’s chambers.

The cardiologist claimed that this condition was the cause of Robert’s ministroke, and that he needed surgery to close the gap in his heart. But Robert wasn’t so sure.

The key message here is: Health care requires a shift from shallow medicine to deep medicine.

After seeing the first cardiologist, Robert came to see the author, Eric Topol – also a cardiologist – for a second opinion. Topol was shocked by the original assessment; one in five adults have PFO, and the condition isn’t connected to strokes. So he and Robert worked together to determine Robert’s real issue and found it was atrial fibrillation, which can be treated with a simple blood thinner.

Robert’s situation exemplifies what Topol calls shallow medicine, in which burned-out, depressed doctors don’t take the time to develop real connections with their patients and make holistic assessments.

Average clinic visits in the United States, for instance, last just seven minutes. Perhaps as a result, there are about 12 million significant misdiagnoses per year across the country, and up to one-third of medical operations performed are unnecessary.

Patients are suffering, but so are the people who treat them. One in four young physicians experiences depression, and almost half of American doctors today have symptoms of burnout. This condition greatly increases the risk of medical errors – and even leads to physician suicides.

To address these issues, we must start the shift from shallow medicine to deep medicine. This shift occurs in three fundamental ways. First, medicine will require physicians to deeply define each individual with as much of their relevant personal and health history as possible. Second, it will require deep learning on the part of artificial intelligence, to augment doctors’ diagnostic abilities and automate repetitive tasks. And finally, deep medicine will require doctors to practice deep empathy – seeing patients as real people, not just as problems to be diagnosed.

Artificial intelligence could greatly benefit health care, but it has its limitations.

Artificial intelligence in medicine may seem like part of some distant future. But in fact, it’s already being used to save lives.

In one case, a healthy baby boy went home three days after birth. Five days later, his mother rushed him to the emergency room of Rady Children’s Hospital in San Diego. The newborn was experiencing constant seizures that were only getting worse.

Doctors can use AI to help improve their diagnoses.

Many people think of doctors as infallible – almost superhuman. But just like everyone else, doctors can have implicit biases that cause errors in both diagnostics and treatment.

Take the representativeness heuristic, a bias that causes people to make decisions based on their past experiences. It might lead a doctor to misdiagnose one illness for another – especially if he isn’t carefully examining all of a patient’s symptoms. Perhaps even more insidious is the overconfidence bias, which causes physicians to believe their diagnoses are correct more often than they actually are.

Diagnostics based on pattern recognition could make great use of AI.

Have you ever gone to a doctor who barely even looked at you during your visit? Who instead spent most of her time typing notes into a computer? If so, she was probably updating your electronic health record, or EHR. EHRs were developed to make clinicians’ lives easier. Instead, they’ve become a barrier to doctor-patient communication.

Fortunately, things like the EHR are ripe for automation. A type of machine learning called Natural Language Processing could potentially be used to tape and transcribe all the words exchanged during a doctor visit. Doing so would free up doctors’ time so they could focus instead on the person sitting in front of them.

Doctors who don’t primarily work with patterns could delegate some routine tasks to AI.

Algorithms thrive on data – the more and richer, the better. After all, it’s from this data that they identify patterns and determine answers.

Much of what goes on in the clinical environment, however, doesn’t involve patterns. Doctors are constantly making assessments, creating plans, and communicating with patients and their families. So where does AI fit in?

Artificial intelligence can help reform health systems and improve scientific research.

Will humans always require hospitals? The answer might seem obvious. But while it’s true that we’ll always need ICUs and emergency rooms, regular hospital rooms may soon become obsolete.

One “virtual hospital” already exists in the United States: the Virtual Care Center in St. Louis. Nurses and doctors work there and have individualized, extended interactions with patients – but there are no hospital beds to be found. All of the hospital’s patients are monitored remotely, staying either at home or in intensive care units. AI surveillance algorithms in their rooms can detect possible heart failure or sepsis and send warnings to clinicians.

Artificial intelligence could help to personalize our medicine and our diets.

Regardless of age, all humans must take one particular type of medicine in order to survive. That medicine is food.

Ever since the days of the ancient Greek doctor Hippocrates, people have believed that health and food go hand in hand. While government agencies and people in the food industry might argue they hold the key to a healthy diet, is a one-size-fits-all approach even possible? Given how biologically and physiologically different we all are, shouldn’t our diets reflect that?

Automating clinical functions will allow doctors to focus on patient care.

When the author entered medical school in 1975, health-care facilities and medical practices looked very different than they do today. Clinic appointments were scheduled to last a minimum of one hour for new patients and 30 minutes for returning ones. Notes from a visit were often handwritten in a person’s chart. Monthly productivity reports for doctors didn’t even exist.

At that time, there were fewer than four million health-care jobs in all of the United States, and annual health-care spending totaled less than $800 per patient per year. By contrast, today, there are over 16 million health-care jobs, and spending tops $11,000 per person, per year.

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Worum geht es in Deep Medicine?

Deep Medicine (2019) explores how artificial intelligence could dramatically reshape the health-care industry, from how illnesses are diagnosed to the ways patients are cared for. Our current experience of care is “shallow,” as overworked clinicians rush through patients without truly empathizing, listening, or being present. Artificial intelligence has the power to change this – and, perhaps paradoxically, to bring the human side back to medicine.

Wer Deep Medicine lesen sollte

Health-care professionals and students
Futurists interested in how AI may impact the health-care industry
Anyone who’s ever been frustrated by flaws in the medical care they’ve received

Über den Autor

Eric Topol is a cardiologist, researcher, and executive vice president of Scripps Research. With over 270,000 citations, he is one of the top ten most cited researchers in medicine. Aside from Deep Medicine, he has published two other best-selling books: The Creative Destruction of Medicine and The Patient Will See You Now.

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