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Zusammenfassung von Discipline & Punish

Name: Discipline & Punish
Rating: 4.4 (108 reviews)
Author: Michel Foucault

Michel Foucault

The Birth of the Prison

4.4 (108 Bewertungen)

19 Min.

Themen

Social Philosophy Political Philosophy Ethics & Morality Anthropology Social Psychology

Inhaltsübersicht

Discipline & Punish
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Kernaussage 1 von 7

What’s in it for me? Understand society through the microcosm of its judicial and disciplinary systems.

It might not seem obvious at first glance why prisons are so important. After all, they are an integral and accepted part of our legal system. They just seem so unremarkable.

But of course, that is not the case. As Michel Foucault argues, only a few hundred years ago, the picture was different. Suspects were routinely tortured during investigative processes, and convicted felons were cruelly and inhumanely executed in public as examples to the people and as a demonstration of a sovereign’s will.

These blinks trace the emergence of the prison and depict the changing industrial age, influenced by Enlightenment ideas as societal needs and values underwent a radical transformation.

But this is Foucault. There is a twist. We shouldn’t pat ourselves on the back just because punishment got more “humane.” No, the change of tack represented a deeper sense of imprisonment that was taking place as society became chained to the industrial machine.

If we understand how prisons function we can begin to understand the very foundations of society today.

In this pack, you’ll learn

the strange connection between an outbreak of plague and the ordering of industrial societies;
how to design a prison; and
why exams really are just punishment by another name.

In the nineteenth century, public punishment of the body gave way to private punishment of the soul.

On 2 March 1757, the streets of Paris witnessed a ghastly spectacle.

Robert-François Damiens, a domestic servant, was publicly executed before a baying mob for his attempt to assassinate the French king, Louis XV.

Damiens was to be quartered: his limbs were pulled by four horses driven in opposing directions. But when the arms and legs refused to detach from Damiens’ torso, the executioner drew out his knife and sheared through the tendons and tissue before the horses completed the dismemberment.

But the execution was the last of its kind. By the turn of the eighteenth century in Europe, punishment as a public spectacle was no longer in vogue. Instead, a new approach to punishment became the norm. Now it was to take place behind closed doors and its workings were set to a timetable.

In the nineteenth century, fewer than a hundred years after Damiens’ execution, the new penal style was codified in texts such as French politician Léon Faucher’s rules “for the House of young prisoners in Paris.”

The prisoners’ day began at five in the morning, when they were woken by repeated cracks on a drum. By quarter to six, they were at work. They were fed at ten. Teaching began at twenty minutes to eleven. From one o’clock until seven was another period of work. Then, at half past seven, the cells were locked for a night curfew.

Such a regimen indicated that the nature of punishment had changed. It was no longer a public indication of the will of sovereign governmental powers. It was now one in which bureaucratic penalties were fused with defined imprisonments and stringent schedules.

Where once corporal punishment and pain had been central to ideas of punishment, now the soul of the criminal was deemed much more important.

It’s very easy to think – as many historians have – that this represents some sort of development, that the declining severity of punishment indicates a humane advance.

But the author thinks they have the wrong end of the stick. The purpose of punishment had changed. The objective was no longer to break the criminal’s body. It was now to target hearts and minds, thoughts and will.

Torture was central to both punishment and investigation, while public punishment underlined a sovereign’s power.

The changing approach to punishment at the end of the eighteenth century did not spontaneously materialize. There was a rationale behind it. The philosophers of the Enlightenment had begun to attack the use of torture as a hangover from a “Gothic” age when cruelty and savagery were the norm.

Of course, torture had not been seen as unduly sadistic at the time. It was, in fact, heavily regimented as a form of science, right down to the length of ropes that were used, or even the frequency with which a given torture instrument should be applied.

Criminality was increasingly viewed as an ill committed against society, while investigation sought the rationale behind it.

By the end of the eighteenth century, calls for more “humane” forms of punishment could no longer be dismissed. Public executions and torture were seen as beyond the pale: the general feeling was that the breaking of a criminal’s body as a demonstration of sovereign power was no longer acceptable.

A new system of punishment would have to be instigated. The watchword was “humanity,” and it was to be the “measure” of a given punishment.

The seventeenth and eighteenth centuries saw a radical restructuring of disciplinary concepts.

For the author, the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries encompass what he terms the classical age.

During this time, discipline itself changed. Individual punishment was no longer portrayed as exemplary for the wider public. Instead, criminal individuals were transformed into docile bodies, to be “subjected, used, transformed, improved.” They were to service the burgeoning industries of the age.

Disciplinary power became based on three principles: hierarchical observation, normalizing judgment and examination.

As disciplinary machinery developed over the course of the seventeenth century, it became evident that its power primarily lay in three areas.

The first element was hierarchical observation. This means that systems of coercion were enforced through invasive monitoring. Paragons for this sort of behavior and exercise of power had long been in place. The military camp is a case in point.

As Bentham’s Panopticon demonstrated, discipline and systems of power are enforced by the constant feeling of surveillance.

Towards the end of the seventeenth century, the plague was ravaging Europe. Any town that suspected the pestilence had come knocking went into lockdown. For reasons of safety, maintaining discipline was essential.

To begin with, every family was ordered, on pain of death, to stay home. An official, known as a syndic, was appointed to surveil each street, locking every door as he went.

Prisons were designed to deprive liberty and ready individuals for discipline in the industrial age.

In the modern era, there is nothing unusual about the idea of prisons. They seem quite natural to us, an obvious solution to dealing with crime.

But things were different at the start of the nineteenth century. Detention as a punishment was novel. It took time for its position as the primary form of punishment to become established. But it triumphed in the end, and there were good reasons for this.

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Worum geht es in Discipline & Punish?

Discipline & Punish (1975) is a celebrated work of renowned French philosopher and sociologist Michel Foucault. Foucault studies the history of forms of power, punishment, discipline and surveillance from the French Ancien Régime through to more modern times, seeing it as a reflection of a changing society.

Bestes Zitat aus Discipline & Punish

Discipline is a political anatomy of detail.

—Michel Foucault

Wer Discipline & Punish lesen sollte

Concerned citizens worried about the overreach of mass surveillance
Philosophers, historians, cultural scientists and sociologists
Anyone interested in modern prisons

Über den Autor

Michel Foucault (1926-1984), born in Poitiers, France, was a superstar academic of the twentieth century. He served as director of the Institute Français in Hamburg, Germany, and at the Institute de Philosophie at the Faculté des Lettres in the University of Clermont-Ferrand, France. Foucault wrote articles for newspapers, numerous essays and ground-breaking books such as The History of Sexuality. He also held at a chair at the Collège de France.

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