Why Love Matters Buchzusammenfassung - das Wichtigste aus Why Love Matters

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Zusammenfassung von Why Love Matters

Name: Why Love Matters
Rating: 4.5 (114 reviews)
Author: Sue Gerhardt

Sue Gerhardt

How Affection Shapes a Baby's Brain

4.5 (114 Bewertungen)

24 Min.

Themen

Education & Upbringing Nature vs. Nurture Family Planning Family Life

Inhaltsübersicht

Why Love Matters
in 8 Kernaussagen verstehen

Audio & Text in der Blinkist App

Kernaussage 1 von 8

What’s in it for me? Learn about the science of love.

What defines who we are? Nature or nurture, our genes, or our environment?

Over the years, author Sue Gerhardt has immersed herself in the latest thinking in psychoanalysis, neuroscience, and biochemistry to answer this question. This research opened up a new idea: that who we are is neither hardwired at birth nor assembled over many years. Instead, it’s inscribed into our brains in the first two years of our lives.

Simply put, babies have highly “plastic” brains. This means the way we’re treated as infants creates neurological patterns that stay with us for life. Love and care create one kind of person, while anxiety and neglect create another. In other words, it’s not nature versus nurture – it’s both. Social experience and biology interact. Together, they shape who we are.

In these blinks, we’ll dig into the science that led Gerhardt to this fascinating conclusion, and explore its implications for parents and policymakers.

Along the way, you’ll learn

why we don’t actually have one brain, but three;
what a Romanian orphanage can tell us about cognitive development; and
how stress can impair the development of babies and toddlers.

The brain evolved in stages, and the social brain developed last.

English poet Samuel Taylor Coleridge once observed that a tiger stays the same whether you imagine it living alone or in a “society” with thousands of other tigers. Either way, a tiger is a tiger.

But humans are different. We are, in Coleridge’s words, “truly altered” by our relationships with other humans. Without these relationships, we wouldn’t develop qualities like empathy or the ability to read social cues.

Today, we have a name for what Coleridge was describing. We call it the social brain.

The key message in this blink is: The brain evolved in stages, and the social brain developed last.

In everyday speech, we usually refer to “the brain,” but this isn’t quite accurate. We actually have what neuroscientists call a triune brain, or three brains in one. Each of these brains reflects a different stage in our evolution.

In the first stage, we developed a brain similar to that found in reptiles. This simple cognitive setup was based around the brainstem, and supported basic life functions like breathing.

In the second stage, we developed a mammalian brain around this reptilian core. It allowed for basic emotions, which in turn added new qualities, like the ability to nurture offspring.

In the third and final stage, we developed the cerebral cortex in the outer layers of the brain. This is where the social brain – the thing that makes humans human – formed.

The social brain is activated when we control our emotions, follow social cues, and experience empathy. It also allows us to go beyond instinctive ways of behaving.

So, instead of simply experiencing primal emotions like fear, anger, or satisfaction, we can diversify these feelings into more complex intermediary states, like sadness, shame, guilt, love, pleasure, happiness, and more. Metaphorically speaking, while most mammals see the world in black and white, our social brain allows us to see it in technicolor.

Here’s where things get interesting. A newborn baby’s brain has several systems to ensure survival. It has a functioning nervous system that makes it possible for her to breathe, a visual system that lets her track movement, and a core consciousness in the brainstem that enables her to react to sensory stimuli like temperature. But the social brain is missing. And, as we’ll see in the next blink, it only begins developing after a baby is born.

How a baby's brain develops is determined by the quality of social interaction they experience.

As all parents know, babies can be frustrating. Sometimes they won’t stop crying, or eat the vegetables you’ve been trying to feed them for the last half hour. But shouting, bargaining, or “discipline” won’t help. That's because babies simply don’t have the brain capacity to control their behavior.

A baby can’t consider his mother’s frustration or decide to eat the carrot puree to make her happy. That’s because the social brain, which is responsible for complex emotions, only develops after a baby is born. And this development process isn’t as straightforward as you might think.

Babies love to touch and look at their carers, and these senses make social interactions pleasurable.

Before a baby can learn about human culture, he must first be invited to participate in that culture. This invitation has two interlinked components: the behavior of his carers and the biochemicals in his brain. Together, these make social interaction pleasurable.

As long as parents take pleasure in their relationships with their babies, there’s nothing to worry about. That’s because a relationship dominated by pleasurable interactions fosters a baby’s cognitive development, and lays the foundations for emotional control later in life. And it’s all thanks to the way pleasure stimulates the orbitofrontal cortex.

The brain’s neural network is determined by social patterns.

Genes are a blueprint: they contain a sketch of what a structure might look like, not what it will look like. Put differently, the building process is just as important as the architect’s plans. And when it comes to the brain, social inputs determine how much of the genetic blueprint is ever realized.

A baby is born with all the neurons she’ll ever have. This is decided by genes. But as her brain doubles in size over the first year of her life, all those neurons need to be connected. This work takes place in the world outside the womb. In other words, genetic and social factors interact to determine the final shape of her brain.

The human stress response has its uses, but it can also damage the health of both adults and babies.

Let’s talk about stress. It’s a term most of us associate with things like long working hours or a bad day at the office. It can also come from worrying about how you’re going to put food on the table or how you’ll come up with the money for this month’s rent.

But even though stress comes from many different things, it’s often overwhelming and draining. Most of all, though, it’s often seen as part of being an adult: it’s just what happens when you start paying bills and have a family to take care of, right?

Babies depend on carers for their survival, which is why their absence is so distressing.

Imagine you’re foraging for berries in the forest. You look up and find yourself staring at a huge and dangerous animal.

Or imagine you’re low on money but still have enough to cover the rent. But then you’re hit with an unexpected bill, leaving you short on cash and with just one day to make up the difference.

Stressed parents have stressed children.

As we’ve seen, a mother’s absence has a profound biochemical effect on her baby. Sometimes, though, the problem isn’t her absence but the quality of her presence. This happens when a baby is at home with her biological parents but is poorly cared for, or when the parents are mentally unavailable despite being physically there.

Research shows, for example, that the children of people who suffer from alcohol addiction have higher cortisol levels than children whose parents don’t have this problem. And, as we’ll see in this blink, the high levels of cortisol and stress are true of the parents as well.

Social deprivation during babyhood is linked to depression later in life.

If all goes well, babyhood can be a haven of peace and love. Protected from discomfort, the baby’s brain responds by growing more cortisol receptors. These will provide him with the tools he needs later on in life.

But if babyhood doesn’t go well, the baby’s brain develops an overactive stress response. In the short term, this causes sky-high cortisol levels and a state of permanent stress. In the long term, it may well condemn him to become an anxious adult.

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Worum geht es in Why Love Matters?

Why Love Matters (2004) is a study of how our early years shape who we become later in life. But this isn’t about rehashing the old nature-versus-nurture debate. As we’ll see in these blinks, the weight of scientific evidence points to a much more fascinating conclusion: that we’re “co-produced” by genetics and social experience during babyhood. This means that many of the social and psychological problems that affect us as adults can be traced back to these formative years.

Bestes Zitat aus Why Love Matters

When social relationships are denied, there is little hope of fully recovering these lost social abilities.

—Sue Gerhardt

Wer Why Love Matters lesen sollte

Mental health professionals
Parents with babies or toddlers
Would-be mothers and fathers

Über den Autor

Sue Gerhardt is a practicing psychotherapist based in Oxford, England. A specialist on topics such as sexual abuse and youth delinquency, she began studying early child development in the 1990s after joining the Tavistock Clinic, a mental health trust in London. In 1998, Gerhard founded the Oxford Parent Infant Project, a charity that provides psychotherapy for parents and their babies. She is also the author of The Selfish Society.

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