Fascism Buchzusammenfassung - das Wichtigste aus Fascism

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Zusammenfassung von Fascism

Name: Fascism
Rating: 4.3 (82 reviews)
Author: Madeleine Albright

Madeleine Albright

A Warning

4.3 (82 Bewertungen)

26 Min.

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Demokratie Deutsche Politik Politik der USA

Inhaltsübersicht

Fascism
in 9 Kernaussagen verstehen

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Kernaussage 1 von 9

What’s in it for me? Understand the warning signs of fascism.

For most of us, “fascism” is a term from the history books. Black-and-white pictures of Hitler and Mussolini come to mind – reminders of a long-forgotten past, a time when the world’s democracies were young and unstable. But the reality is, plenty of governments around the world today are exhibiting anti-democratic tendencies, if not outright fascistic ones. From South America to Europe, many countries give reason to be concerned about the state of democracy.

The author explains how once-stable democracies can degenerate into fascist regimes, and considers whether the same process could threaten the United States of America, the self-styled “land of the free.” Drawing on historical and contemporary examples, these blinks explore what fascism means and how it takes root.

In these blinks, you’ll also learn

who invented the slogan “America First”;
what Donald Trump said about anti-democratic leaders around the world; and
why Mussolini compared acquiring power to plucking a chicken.

Fascism is not a political ideology but rather an approach to seizing and holding power.

“Fascism.” The word gets thrown around a lot. In this online forum, you’ll hear it applied to police officers; in that newspaper column, it’s used to describe feminists. Elsewhere, the people referred to might be vegans or bureaucrats.

So what does the word really mean? What is a “fascist”?

Fascism is ideologically vague and can involve the politics of the right and the left.

In 1920s Italy, an early hotbed of fascism, there were fascists on the left arguing for dictatorial rule in the interests of the working class, and fascists on the right who argued for an authoritarian government in which state and companies work closely together.

In Germany, the National Socialists, or Nazis, combined promises of higher pensions and better education with their anti-Semitic propaganda.

Today, governments exhibiting fascist tendencies range across the ideological spectrum, from socialism in Venezuela to conservative nationalism in Hungary.

So what a fascist is isn’t the most revealing question. It’s far more informative to ask which characteristics fascism displays.

Fascism draws strength from an upset or angry public – whether that anger results from a lost war or lost territory, a loss of national pride or a loss of jobs, or any combination of these factors. The most successful fascist leaders have a charisma that enables them to connect emotionally with the crowd, converting public anger into a sense of public solidarity and purpose.

Once in power, fascists consolidate authority by controlling information. Hitler’s regime ruthlessly propagandized – Mein Kampf, Hitler’s own book, was studied like the Bible, while radio addresses enabled the Führer to broadcast his hate-fuelled oratory to 80 million people at once. Today, authoritarian governments such as Russia and Turkey spread disinformation online and seek to quash media outlets that criticize them.

A fascist normally claims to act and speak on behalf of a whole nation, or an entire group, and draws a dividing line between that group and outsiders, such as the Jews in Nazi Germany or the class traitors in Soviet Russia.

Finally, fascist leaders expect the crowd to back them up. Unlike other tyrants, they are not wary of the population and don’t try to calm the crowd; rather, they strive to stir it up.

Next, let’s take a look at how fascists come to power.

Fascism takes hold slowly, step by step, and often starts through democratic means.

Mussolini, the Italian fascist dictator, once commented that one should take power as one would pluck a live chicken: as quietly as possible – one feather at a time, so to speak – so that no one notices until the job is done.

Fascists rarely come to power with the suddenness of a single coup; rather, they move one slow step at a time, seeming to abide by the rules of the democratic process.

Hitler rose to power by assuaging the anxieties of the German people.

Europe in the 1920s and 1930s was a place of turmoil. And nowhere was that more the case than in Germany.

The country had been defeated in World War I, and in the wake of this war, many of its citizens felt humiliated. Among them was a young ex-soldier – Adolf Hitler.

Fascism is not an aberration, but a normal and recurring part of human history.

When we think of fascism, we tend to picture dictators like Hitler, Mussolini and Stalin. But the reality is that fascism crops up more frequently and in more places than we might think.

In the period after World War I, fascist movements were a common feature of politics.

Venezuela and Hungary are both flirting with fascism.

There are few truly fascist governments today, but the author sees many countries as proof that the line between democratic populism and fascist behavior is extremely fine.

Venezuela is one example. Hugo Chávez was elected president of the country in 1998, in a legitimate election, beating an out-of-touch government that had neglected its people. He ran on a platform to support workers and struggling families and, while in office, he used booming income from oil production to ease and improve his people’s lives.

Defenders of democracy should be worried about its fragility.

Anyone old enough to remember the fall of the Berlin Wall will remember the sense of excitement that rose as the wall crumbled, the feeling that democracy would prevail. Today, that sense of excitement is receding.

There is now increasing curiosity about alternatives to democracy.

Donald Trump’s behavior and rhetoric give succor to fascists and strongmen everywhere.

The idea of the United States as a beacon of freedom, hope and democracy is ingrained in the country’s history.

But as the author explains, unlike presidents before him, Donald Trump has rejected this grand tradition, consistently praising authoritarian governments around the world.

Trump’s rhetoric of victimhood and national resurgence is reminiscent of fascist regimes.

Fascist movements have always thrived on grievances: against religious and national groups, against capitalists and communists, against enemies in and outside of the nation. This appeal to victimhood is familiar to anyone who has listened to Trump’s rhetoric.

As the author explains, Trump likes to paint a bleak picture of America as a victim. A 2017 speech in Pennsylvania is typical. Trump complained that, for decades, the United States has suffered “the greatest jobs theft” in world history. Factories were closed, and jobs shipped away to distant countries. The United States spent “billions and billions” on global projects but failed to protect its own people when “gangs flooded into our country.”

Citizens shouldn’t be complacent. Fascism could rise in the United States.

The United States is not currently facing fascism. President Trump may be anti-democratic, and favor authoritarian approaches to government, but, for now, democratic institutions are standing strong. But remember: fascism creeps up on us, one step at a time. Could fascism ever make such progress in the United States without being halted?

It is not hard to imagine scenarios in which fascism could take root.

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Worum geht es in Fascism?

Fascism (2018) examines fascism, both as a historical phenomenon and a present-day threat. It explores the factors that lead to fascist governments as well as the common threads connecting them, while also cautioning citizens against complacency. Even today, there are many reasons to fear for the health of democracy.

Bestes Zitat aus Fascism

A fascist who launches his career by being voted into office will have a claim to legitimacy that others do not.

—Madeleine Albright

Wer Fascism lesen sollte

History buffs curious about the origins of fascism
Citizens concerned about the state of political debate and government in America
Defenders of democracy

Über den Autor

A childhood refugee from Czechoslovakia, Madeline Albright grew up in the United States and became a diplomat. During Bill Clinton’s presidency, she served as US ambassador to the United Nations, and later became the first female secretary of state. She has remained vocal on political issues and now lectures in diplomacy at Georgetown University.

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