World Order Buchzusammenfassung - das Wichtigste aus World Order

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Zusammenfassung von World Order

Name: World Order
Rating: 4.2 (135 reviews)
Author: Henry Kissinger

Henry Kissinger

Reflections on the Character of Nations and the Course of History

4.2 (135 Bewertungen)

21 Min.

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Deutsche Politik Globale Politik Europäische Geschichte Politik der USA Politik Großbritanniens Der Kalte Krieg Kriege

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World Order
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What’s in it for me? Understand the logic behind international conflicts and cooperation.

Trying to grasp the complexities of politics can be a frustrating exercise. Have you ever wondered why conflicts between nations go on and on despite exhaustive negotiations, mediation efforts from major international actors and hundreds of hours of meetings and peace talks?

These blinks will offer plenty of fascinating insights into the sphere of international politics, all of which center on one explanation: simply put, many conflicts are rooted in nations’ irreconcilable expectations as to how the world itself should be divided and organized. Through the observations and experiences of former US Secretary of State Henry Kissinger, you’ll grasp why these expectations differ so much from nation to nation, how they influence states’ foreign policy and how they have shaped history over time.

In these blinks, you’ll find out

how a brutal war actually improved diplomatic relations within Europe;
why the childhood of a single politician can influence the fate of nations; and
how a bygone Mongolian invasion is connected to present-day Russian policies.

A world order is a set of ideas about how the world should be, and a roadmap for any country’s foreign policy.

Do you ever hear discussions about historical conflicts like the Cold War or current events like the many crises in the Middle East and wonder which historical circumstances actually caused them? Well, a key starting point for most such conflicts is the history of world order.

World order essentially refers to a combination of thoughts and beliefs shared by a greater community. Large communities such as regions or civilizations develop ideas and beliefs about how the world should work, such as who should have power in a civilization.

Take European countries as an example. Most of them agree that all governments should be chosen through free, democratic elections. But this belief doesn’t just apply to their countries – it’s something they desire for countries around the world.

Now that you know what a world order is, what makes it so important?

Well, the grand ideas and firm beliefs that define a nation’s world order will naturally have a major impact on how it acts toward the outside world; indeed, many wars have been waged over differing views on world order.

In addition, world orders can determine both the foreign policy platform of a nation and its long-term strategies. World orders are applied through foreign policy decisions that advance the specific agenda of any given nation; these big ideas provide a secure foundation for forward-looking strategies and strong planning.

For example, the talented strategist Prince Klemens von Metternich was guided by the motto that to maintain stable international relations, you needed to acknowledge the true interests of all actors and not just those of your own nation.

The balance of power can be essential to maintaining world order.

In the aftermath of World War II, the capitalist-run West, particularly the United States, and the communist Soviet Union began vying for control of global politics. This marked the birth of the conflict known as the Cold War, an ideological battle that would span decades, keeping the world’s citizens in constant suspense.

But during all those fraught and intense years, no actual war broke out between the United States and the Soviet Union. Why didn’t the conflict go further?

One of the most influential world orders originated in Europe.

While there has never been a completely global world order – that is, one that spanned the entire planet – one in particular came very close. It first took shape in Europe when the Peace of Westphalia laid the foundation for a new way of conducting politics.

Here’s what happened:

Flexibility is a key ingredient of the European world order.

So, balancing powers can stabilize world order. But in the case of Europe, another essential component came into play: flexibility.

During the Thirty Years’ War, any nation in Europe could ally with any other, which functioned as a defence against one nation becoming too powerful. After the war, Europe’s system of alliances had become very flexible – coalitions formed easily as long as they seemed strategically beneficial, even across religious lines.

Germany played an important role in maintaining the European balance of power.

You might be surprised to learn that Europe’s world order was made especially possible by a country that most people don’t associate with the historical stability of Europe: Germany.

Until 1871, Germany was not a unified state, but rather a collection of small states and principalities all united by the German language. This was essential to the prevailing order of Europe, because this collection of small states was not considered a threat; in contrast, a united Germany would have been too large and powerful. Such a big and populous nation would have surely disrupted the delicate balance of power between the European nations of the time.

When it comes to politics, people and nations are strongly influenced by their origins and history.

Why should we care about the roots and upbringings of leaders like US President Barack Obama and German Chancellor Angela Merkel?

People and their political actions are of course deeply influenced by how they are raised and the context in which they come of age. Take Klemens von Metternich and Otto von Bismarck, two of the greatest strategic diplomats of their time:

Many of history’s great conflicts are the result of opposing world orders.

It might seem obvious, but when many nations meet, the risk of conflict increases: different world orders tend to be incompatible.

This could have something to do with the fact that, by definition, every world order purports to apply universally. As such, each world order fails to acknowledge the existence of alternative, highly divergent world orders, and therefore is not designed to be applied alongside them.

World orders based on radical Islam are dangerously incompatible with all others.

As we now know, world orders tend to contain far-reaching concepts with many applications. As a result, it’s often difficult to resolve discrepancies between them. While the idea that certain world orders are entirely incompatible with all others may seem extreme, such world orders do exist.

Specifically, world orders that are based on strict adherence to the Quran leave no room for others.

The United States promotes and instrumentalizes a world order based on the Westphalian balance of power.

Now that you’ve seen how world order works, let’s take a look at a clear and tangible implementation of a world order: that of the United States.

First off, the United States often used the concepts detailed in the European world order to its advantage. For a long time, the three greatest rivals of the United States were Russia, China and Japan. Using a method typical of the Westphalian world order, American leaders worked to pit their enemies against one another.

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Worum geht es in World Order?

World Order (2014) is a guide to the complex mechanisms that have governed international relations throughout history. These blinks explain how different countries conceive of different world orders and how they are held in balance or brought into conflict.

Bestes Zitat aus World Order

...in 15 cases in history where a rising and an established power interacted, ten ended in war.

—Henry Kissinger

Wer World Order lesen sollte

Anyone who wants to learn more about the intricacies of global politics
Students of political science, governance and international relations
Everyone with an interest in globalization and clashes of cultures

Über den Autor

Henry Kissinger is a German-born former American diplomat. He served as US Secretary of State for four years and was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1973. He played a key role in shaping twentieth-century US foreign policy and has written over a dozen books on the subject.

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