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Zusammenfassung von The Heartbeat of Wounded Knee

Name: The Heartbeat of Wounded Knee
Rating: 4 (87 reviews)
Author: David Treuer

David Treuer

Native America from 1890 to the Present

4 (87 Bewertungen)

22 Min.

Kurz zusammengefasst

The Heartbeat of Wounded Knee by David Treuer is a historical account of the 500-year plight of Native Americans. It shows how they have persevered despite insurmountable odds and offers insights into how their experiences continue to affect the country today.

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What’s in it for me? Turn the spotlight onto a neglected part of history.

Perhaps more than any other people, Native Americans are subject to an enormous catalogue of clichés. For example, many believe Native American cultures to be identical and view Native American history as a struggle, predominantly, against cowboys.

One of the most unquestioned and damaging misreadings of Native American history is that it ended in 1890, after the massacre of around 300 Lakota Indians at Wounded Knee Creek. After this, the story goes, the era of cowboys and Indians came to an end. The wild US frontier was closed, and Native Americans retreated to their government-granted reservations to live in poverty and anonymity.

But, as these blinks show, Native American history didn’t end in 1890. The twentieth century comprised tragedies, trade-offs and triumphs for the hundreds of Native American tribes who showed extraordinary resilience adapting to the century’s rapid transformations. This is the story of Native Americans in the 129 years since Wounded Knee.

In these blinks, you’ll find out

how Native American boarding schools operated;
why casinos were a game-changer for some Native Americans; and
How Native Americans are capitalizing on the connective power of social media.

For many, Native American history ended after the 1890 massacre at Wounded Knee Creek.

On December 20, 1890, a group of more than 350 Miniconjou Lakota people left South Dakota's Standing Rock Indian Reservation, headed for the safety of the Pine Ridge Reservation. The Miniconjou, a subdivision of the Lakota tribe, were led by their chief, Spotted Elk.

Spotted Elk had decided to uproot his tribe because of tensions in Standing Rock. Earlier that day, police attempted to arrest a Hunkpapa Lakota chief, Sitting Bull. They feared he would stir unrest by promoting the Ghost Dance. This religious dance was believed to have the power to expel the white colonists from the land and return the New World to the Indigineous Americans.

The Lakota were enraged to see their chief forced onto his horse like a common criminal. One man, Catch-the-Bear, loaded his rifle and shot the officer pushing Sitting Bull. In the ensuing fight, eight police officers and eight Lakota were killed.

Fear of police reprisals against the Native Americans at Standing Rock convinced Spotted Elk to move his people to a different reservation. But, on December 28, part of the US Seventh Cavalry intercepted Spotted Elk’s band and redirected them to a camping spot on Wounded Knee Creek. The next morning, the rest of the Seventh Cavalry arrived and installed four cannons around the Lakota.

Next, soldiers entered the camp to search for weapons. One young Lakota man resisted, and a fight broke out. Five warriors threw off the blankets covering them from the cold, revealing their rifles, and began shooting at the soldiers. The soldiers returned fire, and while the Native Americans fought bravely, they didn’t stand a chance once the cannons roared to life. Women and children fled down the frozen creek, but the cavalry pursued and massacred them. When the fighting was over, 150 Native Americans lay dead.

Over the next 100 years, Wounded Knee took on huge symbolic importance. Partly thanks to Dee Brown’s influential book Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee, the public came to think of the massacre as the “end” of Native American history and culture – the final victory of the cowboys and European settlers over the Indigenous people. After this, the story goes, Native Americans wasted away in poverty, misery and anonymity on their reservations.

However, despite the best efforts of the US government, Native Americans and their culture haven’t been extinguished. Native American history did not end after Wounded Knee, and these blinks tell the rest of the story.

In the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, Native American children were forcibly placed in boarding schools.

In 1824, the US government created the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA). Although Wounded Knee Creek was a long way off, many tribes had already signed peace treaties with the government. These treaties defined the borders of their territories and promised yearly compensation. The BIA became the trustee of these payments and managed the government’s relationship with hundreds of Native American tribes.

But the BIA seldom had the tribes’ best interests in mind. One of its worst policies were Native American boarding schools.

The US policy of allotment drastically reduced Native American land.

Around the time the BIA developed its shameful boarding-school programs, the federal government was also interfering with ancient Native American ideas about land and territory.

Since 1758, Europeans had forcibly removed Native American tribes from their land and onto reservations, where, in theory, they could continue their ways of life and government. There was a general supposition and practice that the tribe collectively owned the land on the reservations.

Native Americans served in both world wars.

One remarkable development in Native American history came in 1917. Even with the destructive allotment policy in full swing, large numbers of young Native American men began volunteering to serve in the US military. More than just “large numbers,” in fact. In World War I, Native Americans had the highest rate of service among any US minority group.

But Native American service didn’t begin when the United States entered the war in 1917. Back in 1914, some had enlisted in the Canadian military when that country entered the war to aid its Commonwealth ally, Britain. Many from tribes in the northern United States enlisted, too, walking across the border and into Canada. The Onondaga and Oneida people from upstate New York even declared war on Germany!

The activism of the American Indian Movement was crucial for Indigenous communities.

The period between 1945 and 1970 saw significant urbanization in American society. African Americans and Native Americans increasingly left rural settings to live in cities and towns. But Native American urbanization had its problems. In 1970, Native American unemployment was ten times the national average, and 40 percent of them lived below the poverty line. What’s more, police harassment and brutality were rampant.

Like the civil rights movement, the American Indian Movement (AIM) campaigned for equality and justice. However, AIM’s methods had far more in common with those of the militaristic Black Panthers.

For some Native Americans, reservation casinos were a game-changer.

The rise of reservation casinos dramatically changed Native American history. So much so, that some speak of the time before tribal gaming as “BC” – before casinos.

It all started in 1972 with a $148 tax bill. Itasca County, Minnesota, sent this bill to Helen and Russell Bryan of the Chippewa people, then living on Leech Lake Reservation. Unwilling to pay, they challenged the bill in the state courts. After losing this case, and an appeal at the Minnesota Supreme Court, they brought the appeal to the United States Supreme Court.

After a tumultuous century, many Native Americans are thriving today.

After a century of forced assimilation, dispossession, wartime service and poorly distributed wealth, what is the state of Native Americans today? Well, some are doing incredibly well in contemporary American society.

One example is Sean Sherman, an Oglala Lakota chef living in Minneapolis. In 2014, Sherman founded an Indigenous food-education and catering business called The Sioux Chef. He only uses ingredients historically available to Native Americans, like sorrel, berries, squash, wild rice and corn, rejecting things produced or imported by Europeans, like sugar, pork and chicken.

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Worum geht es in The Heartbeat of Wounded Knee?

The Heartbeat of Wounded Knee (2019) is a vivid history of Native America since the 1890 massacre at South Dakota’s Wounded Knee Creek. These blinks show that – contrary to popular opinion – in the twentieth century, Native Americans did not slide into obscurity and achieve nothing of note. On the contrary, this was a time filled with momentous and extraordinary events.

Wer The Heartbeat of Wounded Knee lesen sollte

History students
Government officials who could learn more about Indigenous cultures
Americans unaware of modern Native American history

Über den Autor

David Treuer, of the Ojibwe people, is an American author and academic. He holds a PhD in anthropology from the University of Michigan and is the author of several novels including Little (1995) and The Hiawatha (1999).

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