From ancient Greece to the digital era
"The Evolution of Money" by David Orrell and Roman Chlupatý explores the history and development of monetary systems. It delves into the relationship between money and society, and offers insights into the future of finance.
Have you noticed how bartering comes very naturally to children? Perhaps you remember exchanging a juice box for some cookies, or your best set of marbles for a Matchbox car.
One old and popular theory holds that money was “invented” as societies outgrew the barter system. In fact, this theory dates back to Aristotle.
Though it was essentially pure speculation, the theory gained traction with many great thinkers who followed, including the influential eighteenth-century economist, Adam Smith.
They all believed that money was an outgrowth of commercial trading – where, for example, some valuable bit of property such as cattle could be traded for a certain number of slaves.
But this isn’t very efficient; things like cattle aren’t very easy to transport, whereas coins are.
Plus, the precious metals in coins were seen as being valuable just about anywhere, while other goods may not be in demand in some areas and are therefore less valuable.
This idea of money evolving from bartering may sound plausible, but it’s actually been debunked. In 1913, Alfred Mitchell-Innes, a British economist, published his own findings, noting that there was no evidence in commercial history to suggest that a barter-only system ever existed.
And Mitchell-Innes has yet to be proven wrong – in fact, historians have only gone on to find more evidence of ancient civilizations using old forms of money in addition to bartering.
Around 5,000 years ago, in Sumer, one of Mesopotamia’s earliest urban civilizations, commercial transactions were recorded on clay tablets, which show us that salt, beads and bars of precious metals were all used as early versions of money.
The truth is, we don’t know exactly how or when money came to be used, but we do know that the first coins began appearing in the seventh century BC, in the Mediterranean kingdom of Lydia.
And by the sixth century BC, Greek city-states were minting their own coins as a demonstration of power and independence.
The Evolution of Money (2016) offers an insightful look at the history of currency in civilized society, from shells and coins to the digital ones and zeroes of an online bank account. Find out how monetary systems have always functioned much like religion – without faith and belief, they’d collapse – and learn what the future may have in store.
Like a toxic algal bloom on a lake, the economy is doing fine, but it is asphyxiating everything around it.
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Blink 3 von 12 - Eine kurze Geschichte der Menschheit
von Yuval Noah Harari
