Aphorisms and Anecdotes from the Paragon of Chinese Sages
The Analects is a collection of twenty “books” that contain valuable quotes and sayings from the Chinese philosopher Confucius, as well as his disciples. These words of wisdom date back thousands of years, but they have remained remarkably relevant throughout the ages.
Confucius was born in the ancient Chinese state of Lu and lived between the years of 551 and 479 BC. Very little is known about his life, though it is believed that he was born to humble means and worked as a low-level public official. During his lifetime he was a teacher and philosopher, known to his disciples by the name Kǒngzǐ.
Before we dive into the words and wisdom of Confucius, we need to get into some of the context surrounding this ancient book. In this case, context is important because much of the writing and wisdom is in direct response, or even referring to, what was going on around Confucius at the time.
Confucius lived between the years of 551 and 479 BC. During this time, China went through some changes, some of which Confucius wasn’t too happy about. In particular, Confucius felt that people were losing sight of the importance of traditional rituals. There is a lot of talk about “rituals” in the Analects. A ritual could be referring to how one should dress or properly bow before a higher-ranking official, or to the details of a sacrificial ceremony.
Rituals like these had been passed down for generations. They had formed the backbone of the religious worldview of many Chinese people. Through adherence to ritual, men could be seen as “gentlemen” of virtue. And in turn, through virtue, one could attain Heaven’s favor. So, it stands to reason that few things were as important to Confucius as virtue. True virtue not only leads to good fortune from Heaven smiling down upon you, it also brings the kind of balance and harmony that allows a person to be an effective leader.
However, by the time Confucius was alive, during the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, rigorous attention to ritual began to slacken. And rather than promoting harmony through virtuous leadership, the newly appointed heads of vassal states were enacting strict rules and laws in order to get people to fall in line. So, in addition to explaining how one can live the virtuous life of a true gentleman, many passages in the Analects are also about these new laws, the lack of adherence to ritual, and what Confucius did and didn’t like about specific officials of the day.
Finally, because the quotes and stories in the Analects were collected by the disciples of Confucius, these specific individuals are also constantly referenced in the book. Their shortcomings and strengths are often highlighted to show how one either does or doesn’t adhere to “the Way.” The Way is the morally upright path – the path of a gentleman, the path that is demonstrated through adherence to ritual, and the path that is approved and rewarded by Heaven.
For our purposes, and because the Analects contains twenty different volumes of collected sayings and passages, we’re going to focus on the more practical and eternally relevant bits of wisdom the book has to offer. After all, one of the things that defines Confucius as a teacher is that he’s very interested in offering practical advice. He doesn’t want you to sit and think about something, he wants you to take action that reflects your virtuous belief.
For example, in the fourteenth passage in Book One, Confucius says, “The gentleman is not motivated by the desire for a full belly or a comfortable abode.” Instead, he is extremely careful in his behavior and his speech. And he surrounds himself with those who possess the Way so that he may learn from them.
This one entry in the book says a lot about the fundamental ideas of Confucius’s teachings. The Way is not about wanting material comforts. It’s about being precise in your actions. A gentleman doesn’t blather on and talk nonsense. Both their words and their behavior match the virtue and goodness of their beliefs. In addition, the Way is also about presenting yourself in a way that attracts like-minded people, so that you may, as Confucius puts it, “be set straight by them.” This reflects another important hallmark of being a gentleman: the love of learning. They never stop in their pursuit of self-betterment. Even Confucius remained humble in his regard, always admitting that he still had much to learn.
In the next blink we’ll begin to move through the 20 books that make up the Analects and look at more passages that offer practical advice on how a person can follow the Way.
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Blink 3 von 12 - Eine kurze Geschichte der Menschheit
von Yuval Noah Harari
