What Is Art? summary

Revisiting the Definition of Art

In What Is Art?, Leo Tolstoy embarks on a philosophical journey to redefine art. He begins by challenging the established notion of art, arguing that the conventional definitions, which emphasize the emotional and aesthetic aspects of art, are too narrow. Tolstoy believes that art is not just a pleasurable experience but a powerful means of communication that can influence the moral and spiritual aspects of human life.

He asserts that true art is not defined by beauty or skill, but by its ability to convey the artist's feelings and experiences. He argues that art is a form of communication that allows the artist to share their emotions and experiences with the audience, evoking similar feelings in them. According to Tolstoy, the value of art lies in its ability to create a shared emotional experience that transcends time and space.

The Role of the Artist

Tolstoy then delves into the role of the artist in society. He criticizes the prevailing view that artists are gifted individuals, set apart from the rest of society. Instead, he argues that artists are ordinary people who possess a heightened sensitivity to their surroundings. Their role, according to Tolstoy, is to express the universal emotions and experiences of humanity in their work, thereby connecting people across different cultures and eras.

He emphasizes the importance of sincerity in artistic expression, stating that true artists create art out of a genuine need to share their experiences, rather than for personal gain or social recognition. Tolstoy believes that artists should serve as moral guides, using their work to convey important truths and values that can inspire and uplift society.

Critique of Contemporary Art

Tolstoy's critique extends to the contemporary art of his time, which he finds lacking in sincerity and moral purpose. He condemns the art produced for the elite, which he sees as disconnected from the real experiences and emotions of the common people. He argues that such art, created for the pleasure and approval of the upper class, serves only to perpetuate social inequality and moral decay.

He contrasts this with what he calls "folk art" - the art created by and for the common people, expressing their genuine emotions and experiences. Tolstoy sees this as the true art that fulfills the essential purpose of connecting people through shared experiences and emotions.

The Universal Nature of True Art

Tolstoy concludes What Is Art? by emphasizing the universal nature of true art. He argues that the value of art lies not in its form or style, but in its ability to communicate the artist's genuine emotions and experiences to the audience. True art, according to Tolstoy, is not confined to a specific time or culture, but transcends these boundaries, resonating with people across different societies and eras.

In essence, What Is Art? presents Tolstoy's vision of art as a powerful form of communication that unites humanity through shared emotions and experiences. It challenges us to rethink our understanding of art and encourages us to appreciate the moral and spiritual significance of sincere artistic expression.