Hadrian and the Triumph of Rome summary

Early Life and Rise to Power

In Hadrian and the Triumph of Rome by Anthony Everitt, we are introduced to the life of Publius Aelius Hadrianus, better known as Hadrian, who was born in Italica, a Roman town in Spain in 76 AD. Hadrian's life was marked by the tumultuous times of the Roman Empire, and his reign as the 14th Emperor of Rome (117-138 AD) played a significant role in shaping the empire's future.

Hadrian's early life was marked by his upper-class upbringing and his education in Rome, where he developed a deep appreciation for Greek culture and philosophy. He was adopted by his uncle, the Roman Emperor Trajan, and was groomed for a life of public service and military leadership. His rise to power began when Trajan named him his successor on his deathbed, passing over his natural-born son.

Reign and Governance

As Emperor, Hadrian inherited an empire at its greatest territorial extent, but also one facing numerous challenges. He was quick to realize the impracticality of maintaining such vast borders and embarked on a policy of non-expansion, focusing instead on consolidating and fortifying existing territories. He traveled extensively throughout the empire, visiting almost every province, and was known for his administrative reforms and personal involvement in governance.

Hadrian's rule was marked by a mix of autocratic power and a genuine concern for the welfare of his subjects. He was a patron of the arts and architecture, commissioning numerous public works, including the construction of the famous Hadrian's Wall in Britain. He also implemented laws to protect the rights of slaves and improve the treatment of women and children.

Personal Life and Legacy

Everitt delves into Hadrian's personal life, particularly his complex relationship with Antinous, a young Greek boy who became his lover and accompanied him on his travels. Antinous's untimely death deeply affected Hadrian, leading him to deify his beloved and establish a cult in his honor, an unusual act for a Roman Emperor.

As Hadrian aged, he became increasingly disillusioned with the burdens of power and the challenges of ruling such a vast empire. In 138 AD, he adopted Antoninus Pius, who would succeed him as Emperor, and shortly after, Hadrian passed away. His reign is remembered as a time of consolidation and peace, in contrast to the expansionist policies of his predecessors.

Philosophy and Enduring Influence

Throughout Hadrian and the Triumph of Rome, Everitt emphasizes Hadrian's deep interest in philosophy and his identification with Greek culture. Hadrian was a devoted Stoic, and his philosophical outlook greatly influenced his governance. He was a firm believer in the idea of the 'philosopher king' and sought to embody these principles in his rule.

In conclusion, Hadrian and the Triumph of Rome presents a comprehensive portrait of a complex and enigmatic figure. Hadrian's reign marked a turning point in Roman history, and his policies of consolidation and cultural integration laid the groundwork for the empire's longevity. His enduring legacy as a thoughtful, humane, and intellectually curious ruler continues to fascinate historians and enthusiasts alike.